Meaning
Binary file format for the exchange of integrated circuit layout data represents planar geometric shapes and text labels in a hierarchical structure. This format acts as the industry standard for transferring circuit designs to photomask fabrication facilities. Inside the gdsii format, data is organized into cells that can be nested to create complex chips.
Geometric Database
Polygons and paths define the physical features of transistors and interconnects on the silicon. The geometric database of the gdsii contains coordinates for every layer of the manufacturing process. These shapes must adhere to strict design rules to ensure the chip functions as intended.
Layer Definition
Numerical identifiers distinguish between different material layers such as metal, polysilicon, diffusion, and oxide. The layer definition of the gdsii maps these numbers to specific masks used in the lithography steps. Fab-specific map files translate the generic layout into a recipe for the machines.
Errors in mapping lead to total failure of the silicon batch.
Fabrication Handoff
Reusable blocks called structures reduce the overall file size by referencing repeated patterns. The fabrication handoff of the gdsii allows for the efficient storage of millions of identical memory cells. Large designs can reach multiple gigabytes in size.